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The Operation Of The Smart System Construction Essay Kuala Lumpur is the capital of Malaysia and turns into a notable global city with co...

Wednesday, December 25, 2019

The Five Types Of Crime - 1398 Words

Crime Classification Iliana Clark American InterContinental University Abstract This essay will explain the five different types of crime. These include: Crimes against persons, Crimes against property, and Crimes of public morality, White-collar crimes and Cyber crimes. Statistics show that we are likely to be a victim of one of these crimes. This essay will explain each crime and their differences, providing a definition by category of crime. They are many types of crimes but I will be giving you two examples that fall into each category. Crime Classification Crimes against people come in different forms; each belongs to a category. Crimes against persons are crimes that are violent in nature. While crimes against property involves the taking of property or money. Then, we have crimes of public morality; these are usually victimless crimes, meaning there is no true victim of the crime. Many scams and frauds fall into the white-collar crime, to include schemes and tax evasion. Finally, crimes that are committed with the use of a computer and/or various forms of technology are called cyber crimes. This essay will explain the different categories of crimes and give a true meaning by type of crime. Crimes Against the Person The term â€Å"Crimes Against the Person† refers to a broad array of criminal offenses, which usually involve bodily harm, the threat of bodily harm, or other actions committed against the will of anShow MoreRelatedPoverty Is The Main Reason For Crime Rates Accelerating?1353 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many issues in society that can be tied into one another. Poverty alone is a major issue worldwide just as well as crime. So what happens when these two are tied in with each other? Is poverty the main reason for crime rates accelerating? According to Aristotle, poverty is the parent of crime. It seems to be so common in society for criminals to be the minority that it is rather surprising when they find out a criminal is not a part of the minority. Minorities often, but not always, includeRead MoreInfluence Of Prior On Subsequent Crime Location Choice1283 Words   |  6 Pagestitled Biting Once, Twice; The Influence of Prior on Subsequent Crime Location Choice. The authors of this article are Marre Lammers, Barbara Menting, Stijn Ruiter, and Wim Bernasco, Biting Once, Twice: The Influence of Prior on Subsequent Crime Location Choice was written in early 2015 to capture the information needed to prove where an offender committed his/her first crime has a major impact on where they will commit their second crime; this study has a goal to prove within a short time period oneRead MoreEssay On Youth Crime1490 Words   |  6 Pagescalled youth crime. There are many types of crime which are done by youth. Property crime, drug offences, violent crime, common assault, mischief, break and enter, sexual assault, robbery all are included in crimes that youth mostly do. Mostly youth commit crime by involving more than one person. In this paper, I will discuss different type of crime that youth do, how Parental status effect youth to commit a crime, how government and police handle the situation when youth commits the crime and how Go odRead MorePenalties for White Collar Crime Essay1101 Words   |  5 Pages White collar crime has been discussed more frequently in the last few years. The news has made society aware that white collar crime occurs almost as often as other criminal activity. In fact, white collar crime is one of the most costly crimes. It is a billion dollar criminal industry. White collar criminals seem to continue to engage in the criminal practices because there is no set standard in the penalties given to those that are caught. A look into the public’s perception on whetherRead MoreDigital Evidence799 Words   |  4 Pageshead: Digital Evidence Darlene Sampson Digital Evidence January 8, 2012 Abstract This paper will help explain the basic understanding of computer forensics. I will also identify five areas in computers and computer application a forensic investigator can look for digital evidence. I will identify three types of criminal investigations that can utilize the services of computer forensic investigators. This paper will help with the understanding of computer forensics. Digital Evidence Read MoreClassical Perspective And Mandatory Sentencing Act837 Words   |  4 PagesMandatory Sentencing Act The classical perspective founded by Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham; stated that at people choose to commit crime after they considered the pros and cons that could be associated with a crime, and believed that the pros outweighed the cons (Tonry,2014). The theory relied on deterring criminal acts by assuring that the consequences of crime are absolute, harsh, and quickly administered (Tonry,2014). Mandatory Sentencing Act Today, more than 2 million Americans are incarceratedRead MorePunishment And Sentencing : Punishment1281 Words   |  6 PagesColumbia Southern University Professor: Dr. Thomas Kelly Punishment and Sentencing The definition of the word â€Å"sentencing†, is described as a particular process through a sentencing authority, which imposes a lawful punishment, or other type of sanction on a person that has been convicted of violating the criminal law. The definition of the word â€Å"Punishment†, is described as an act of punishing an individual, or a way to punish an individual. Schmalleger, F., Hall, D. (2014). SentencingRead MoreCriminal Law : Criminal Offenses And The Public989 Words   |  4 Pagescommitted a crime is often times confused with the carrying out of a civil case. However, the two differ in a few ways. A civil case consists of the victim brining the suit to court. A criminal takes place when the state initiates the suit through a prosecutor (Criminal Law, An Overview). Those who are convicted of a crime may be incarcerated, fined, or both, yet those found accountable in a civil case may only have to give up property or pay out money, but will not be incarcerated. Types of CriminalRead MoreThe Development Of American Law1333 Words   |  6 Pagesas defined by our textbook, Criminal Justice Today, which prohibits or commands some standards of behaviour. However, people needs laws to maintain orders, without laws, we could not be safe or being a free nation. There are numerous groups and types of laws such as: Statutory Law, Case Law, Penal Code, Common Law, Civil Law, Rule of Law and Criminal Law that aid to maintain our society’s right and obligation today. The Statutory Law is, â€Å"law on the books,† a written law that achieved by a governmentRead MoreBiological Criminal Behavior Essay1349 Words   |  6 Pagesescalade from small crime to federal crimes seen in cases today. Research have proven genes influence the outcome of a behavior in a criminal behavior and the type of attach committed to his or her victim. This crimes are taught in the school of crime into five different steps to help during a crime investigation. One of these cases is Andrea Yates, who committed a horrific crime on her family. This paper will explain the changes in history of crime and the procedures done in a crime. The paper will

Monday, December 16, 2019

Anorexia Essay - 3393 Words

Anorexia The World Book Encyclopedia defines anorexia as, one who avoids food for psychological reasons. Most experts believe that those who suffer from anorexia are starving themselves to avoid growing into adults. It is also common knowledge among these experts that anorexics want to gain attention and a sense of being special. People say that anorexia doesnt stop at affecting the victim at hand; instead, it surpasses the anorexic. Which means that anorexia affects the personality of the person; that it branches off to affect other parts of that anorexics life. Body image obsession, self-devotion, attention grabbing, selfishness, are all attributes which keenly describe anorexia in the eyes of the media and most hospital†¦show more content†¦Those who treat anorexia in modern medical practice try, not to cure the eating disorder, but rather to go straight to the root of a deeper psychological problem. The number of misinformed professionals in the medical world is staggering. Th is can only be shown by the education they receive while in college. The information on eating disorders is vast, but woefully understudied by qualified persons. Few in the medical community have a meaningful connection with anorexia or the family of eating disorders it belongs to. The education of the general public is crucial to the development of medical treatment. If the public cares about something, the problem will get resolved in time. Like my father says, If the moon were made of gold, or some other valuable material, we would have colonies there already. This is very true in today?s medical industry, if something is profitable or appealing to the public or a private investor, then there will be progress. The media does not promote the healing of anorexics in anyway, and we have too few private investors to support the fight against this escalating problem. The methods employed by American hospitals today to cure anorexia are equivalent to treating AIDS with cough dr ops. Neither will do anything to cure the disease or the person. There is no advanced knowledge of anorexia, and the treatment is treating nothing otherShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Anorexia And Anorexia Nervosa1148 Words   |  5 PagesAnorexia is a severe eating disorder which is generally characterized by severe weight loss and life threatening dieting these then results in malnourishment (Anorexia Nervosa , 2015). Bulimia and Anorexia are known to be the two most largely known eating disorders that are very serious and affect many teenagers. 95% of people suffering with anorexia are known to be girls however there’s an average 5% of males that suffer from this mental illness. Anorexia is when the brain goes into over drive toRead MoreAnorexia Nervos Symptoms, And Treatment Of Anorexia1076 Words   |  5 PagesAnorexia Nervosa. University of Maryland Medical Center, U of Maryland Medical Center, 23 Apr. 2015. Accessed 20 Apr. 2017. The article, Anorexia Nervosa, examines the background information, symptoms, and treatment of anorexia. Anorexia is defined as a disease in which a person starves themselves and exercises excessively in order to lose weight. In addition, as the person continues to lose weight, they have a distorted body image and perceives themselves as fat. In other words, the personRead MoreEssay on Anorexia1228 Words   |  5 Pages quot;Anorexia Nervosaquot; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bizarre, devastating, and baffling are three words that describe the anorexia nervosa disease. By definition, anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continue to starve themselves. The term quot;anorexia nervosaquot; literally means nervous lose of appetite. People with the disorder are suppressing a strong desire to eat, because they areRead MoreAnorexia in Teens1178 Words   |  5 Pagesattractive would start to starve them self to become that skinny or what is known in the psychology world as anorexia. Anorexia is a big deal in the United States, a lot of young people are starting to starve them self just to become skinny. This isn’t only because they want to look like that model, or just want to skinny. Anorexia can come from other places in a person’s life. Anorexia came to be from seeing a few of my friends not eat, just because they wanted to be skinny, also I found a newRead More Anorexia Essay658 Words   |  3 Pages The Causes and Effects of Anorexia nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When I think of anorexia, a few things come to mind. I think of really bad episodes of Beverly Hills 90210 and Baywatch in which females, ususally teenagers, starve themselves and take diet pills. The eating problem is always resolved within the timespan of one 30 minute episode. From the research Ive done thus far on anorexia, I now know that this is a very unrealistic representation of what is actually a very serious disease.Read MoreEssay on Anorexia785 Words   |  4 Pages Anorexia Nervosa Have you ever felt fat or self-conscious about the way you looked? These are questions that we may ask ourselves everyday, but anorexics ask themselves these questions every minute of everyday. Questions like this haunt an anorexic’s conscience and ruin the way she/he perceives herself/himself. Anorexia is a very dangerous mental illness because it has many life- threatening effects. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Anorexia is not a choice to be madeRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa1947 Words   |  8 Pagessome people who do. If we were to look the world as a whole, we would realize that from every 100 teenage girls, 1 to 5 suffers from Anorexia(EDV). As defined by the National Eating Disorders Association, â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa is a serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss.† (NEDA). The term â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa† literally means â€Å"neurotic loss of appetite†, and could be more generally defined as the result of a prolonged self-starvationRead MoreAnorexia And Anorexia Are Often Confused Amongst Humans1956 Words   |  8 PagesBulimia and Anorexia are often confused amongst humans. Bulimic people may have many reasoning’s that support their causes for binging, and anorexic people also have reasoning’s that illustrate their causations of being anorexic. Appearance and self-esteem may play a major role towards people who may binge often, and people who are anorexic may just have a fear to eat based on their body figures. However, many confuse the two due to the similar meanings of body weight. This paper will analyze obs ervationsRead MoreAnorexia Nervos A Psychological And Physical Causes And Consequences Of Anorexia930 Words   |  4 Pagespeople with anorexia are related to at least one person with the disorder. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder with mainly adolescent victims. Different studies have been able to identify some of the psychological and physical causes and consequences of anorexia. Many people dismiss anorexia nervosa as a short-lived adolescent disorder, but most do not realize the disease’s long-lasting implications on health and how crucial it is to seek treatment. The UMMC (2016) defines anorexia nervosa asRead More Anorexia and Bulimia Essay1569 Words   |  7 Pagesadolescent girls develops anorexia nervosa, a dangerous condition in which they can literally starve themselves to death. Another two to three percent develop bulimia nervosa, a destructive pattern of excessive overeating followed by vomiting or other quot; purging quot; behaviors to control their weight. These eating disorders also occur in men and older women, but much less frequently. The consequences of eating disorders can be severe. For example, one in ten anorexia nervosa leads to death from

Sunday, December 8, 2019

(1039 words) Essay Example For Students

(1039 words) Essay SUNDAY NIGHTS AT SEVENThe Jack Benny Storyby Jack Benny with Joan BennyWarner, $19.95, 302 pagesThe late Jack Benny wrote an autobiography that was knownto almost no one. So few, in fact, that his only daughter Joanwas surprised to find the finished manuscript among her mothersfiles after her death in 1983. Joan Benny has augmented herfathers words with her own memories and some interviewsaccomplished expressly for the book. It is very good. As one might expect from the most popular comedian of theage of radio, Jack Bennys memoirs are fast-paced, lively, andentertaining. His recollections are positive, and he says almostnothing negative about anyone. He traces back to his humblebeginnings as Benjamin Kubelsky in Waukegan, Ill., and revealsmany intriguing facts about his early life and entry into showbusiness. He was a high school dropout (although, as he noteswith irony, Waukegan eventually built a junior high school in hishonor) and took to serious study of the violin only afterflunking out of the family haberdashery business. (Do we haveto know their names? he asked his father after an unknowncustomer left an account payment with him.) Over his mothersobjections, he eventually found employment as a violinist with alocal touring singer. After a while, he began to talk, whichgrew into a comedy monologue. Jan Kubelik, a concert violinist,forced Benny Kubelsky to change his name in 1912. He next becameBen Benny, and became fairly well known as a violin-and-comedyperformer. After serving in the Navy in World War I, a similarentertainer named Ben Bernie forced him to change his name again,and he chose the name Jack, by which all sailors in the war wereinformally known to each other. Some of the stories have been told before, but get a much-deserved retelling from the horses mouth here. Jack met hiswife, Sadie Marks (she later changed her name to MaryLivingstone, the name of the character she played on the radioshow) when he was 27 and she 14 at her familys Passovercelebration in Vancouver. She was related to the Marx brothers,and Zeppo Marx (then Marks) had brought his colleague to the homefor the occasion. Mary insisted that Jack listen to her violinplaying. He found it horrible and he and Zeppo made a quickexit. Several years later, they met again and married in 1927after a brief courtship. It was only after they were marriedthat Mary reminded Jack of their first meeting. Jack continued his successful career in vaudeville, and whenhis partner took ill, he persuaded Mary to fill in. She was ahit. Eventually he found himself on Broadway and then in themovies. He vacillated for a time before deciding that going intoradio would be worthwhile. While they were living in New York, they adopted Joan. Shelearned in writing the book that Mary Benny had planned to takeher only to nurse her to health while they awaited an arrangedbaby. (Jack opposed this idea.) Naturally, they found theycouldnt part with Joan. Much of the book consists of Joans writing. She seems tobe in a different book from her father. It would be a major helpif she used a writing style that conformed more closely to thatset by her father in the early chapters. Her short, simplesentences slow the pace in a sudden manner. She providesextreme levels of detail about her early life, homes, and thetrappings of being a celebrity daughter. While this matter isinteresting to a Benny buff, one hopes that none of the venerablecomedians material was subjugated to make room for it. Itwould be far more relevant if Joan Benny were a celebrity in herown right. But this is the fall of 1990 and such things are tobe expected of celebrity offspring. George Bush is our presidentand no doubt he approves. .ufeb299cde218a2178757a1cb1e46af24 , .ufeb299cde218a2178757a1cb1e46af24 .postImageUrl , .ufeb299cde218a2178757a1cb1e46af24 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufeb299cde218a2178757a1cb1e46af24 , .ufeb299cde218a2178757a1cb1e46af24:hover , .ufeb299cde218a2178757a1cb1e46af24:visited , .ufeb299cde218a2178757a1cb1e46af24:active { border:0!important; } .ufeb299cde218a2178757a1cb1e46af24 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufeb299cde218a2178757a1cb1e46af24 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufeb299cde218a2178757a1cb1e46af24:active , .ufeb299cde218a2178757a1cb1e46af24:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufeb299cde218a2178757a1cb1e46af24 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufeb299cde218a2178757a1cb1e46af24 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufeb299cde218a2178757a1cb1e46af24 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufeb299cde218a2178757a1cb1e46af24 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufeb299cde218a2178757a1cb1e46af24:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufeb299cde218a2178757a1cb1e46af24 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufeb299cde218a2178757a1cb1e46af24 .ufeb299cde218a2178757a1cb1e46af24-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufeb299cde218a2178757a1cb1e46af24:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Media violence GRADE 11 PROJECT EssaySome of Joan Bennys passages are curious. Obviously, hadher father wanted details of his premarital womanizing in hisbook, he would have put them there himself. Her life is verywell detailed up to about 1965, but she says almost nothing ofher activities for the past quarter century. Joan Benny pulls no punches in discussing her mother. Thetwo had what would mildly be described as an adversarialrelationship. Mary Livingstone Benny (who always introducedherself as Mrs. Jack Benny) is portrayed as a vain, insecurespendthrift. She allegedly was most interested in being with andaccepted by the Hollywood elite. Studio moguls, that is, not theentertainers that her husband called friends. Jack Bennyattended Friars dinners and the like alone. Mary LivingstoneBenny may have played the role of Mrs. Jack Benny to the hilt togain social standing, but Joan Bennys words must be taken with ateaspoon of salt (or a more healthful sodium-free substitute) inlight of the obvious delight she displays on every page at beingJack Bennys daughter. Jack Benny tells a good many anecdotes that have not beenprinted before. Obviously, none of the three Benny intimates whowrote biographies had access to this material. He tells how helearned from others mistakes in developing his radio style. (Other comics used visual material for their studio audience,which left home listeners in the dark about what was so funny.)There is a certain paradox in the greatest radio comedian alsobeing the greatest user of facial expressions and body language. Perhaps, as Jack suggests, his secret wasnt those mannerisms buthis timing. Jack acknowledges that he was but a mediocreviolinist. Nevertheless, he won the respect of some of theworlds greatest violinists. These stories are a treasure. Isaac Stern called him the most fortunate concert artist becausehe didnt have to live with the pressure of having to be perfect. The book is must reading, but the reader cant help butagonize over how much better it would be had Joan Benny publishedthe autobiography verbatim (Jack wanted to title it I Always HadShoes, a reaction to comedians who claimed to have risen fromabject poverty) or more successfully integrated her words intoit. With any luck, the book will spark a renewed interest in thelegendary comedian. His television show could stand to berevived by one of the cable networks, and a TV movie about him isa possibility. Joan Benny selected dozens of family photos forthe book; they are a contribution. The most striking thing aboutthe book is how fresh Jack Bennys words sound, even though theywere written almost twenty years ago. Its almost like havinghim back.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

XDSL Technology Essay Example For Students

XDSL Technology Essay The accelerated growth of content rich applications and online gaming, which demand high bandwidth, has changed the nature of information networks. High-speed communication is now an ordinary requirement throughout business, government, academic, and home office environments. Internet access, telecommuting, and remote LAN access are three of the clearly defined services that network access providers are offering now. These rapidly growing applications are placing a new level of demand on the telephone infrastructure. In particular, the local loop portion of the network (i.e., the local connection from the subscriber to the local central office) has become a challenge for telephone companies. Historically, this local loop facility has been provisioned with copper cabling which cannot easily support high bandwidth transmission. This environment is now being stressed by the demand for increasingly higher bandwidth capacities. Although this infrastructure could be replaced by a massive r ollout of fiber technologies, the cost to do so would be insupportable in todays business models and, more importantly, the time to accomplish such a transition is unacceptable because the market demand exists today! Telephone companies are already faced with growing competition and unprecedented customer demandsA new category of companies, Internet Service Providers (ISPs), has emerged in this market as providers of data services. Traditionally ISPs have used the telephone company infrastructure. However, thanks to deregulation, they now have direct access to the physical cable plant. ISPs will be formidable competitors in this quest for the customers. Network service providers around the world fill this moment with great potential for remarkable success. We will write a custom essay on XDSL Technology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A new technology called high-speed Digital Subscriber Line (xDSL) has emerged onto this scene. xDSL, which encompasses several different technologies, essentially allows the extension of megabit bandwidth capacities from the service provider central office to the customer premises on a customer by customer basis over the existing copper cabling, without the need for massive infrastructure replacement and at very reasonable costs. These new xDSL solutions satisfy the business need to provision the network in a fast, cost effective manner, while preserving the infrastructure and allowing a planned migration into newer technologies. xDSL has the ability to meet the customer demand for high bandwidth right now, at costs that make sense. xDSL is a group of emerging Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) modem technologies for supporting high-rate traffic transmission over POTS lines. X stands for asymmetric in ADSL, rate adaptive in RADSL, high-speed in HDSL, and very high speed in VDSL. xDSL Delivers Broadband over Copper The best thing about xDSL technologies is their ability to transport large amounts of information across existing copper telephone lines. This is possible because xDSL modems leverage signal processing techniques that insert and extract more digital data onto analog lines. The key is modulation, a process in which one signal modifies the property of another. ADSL Development and Deployment Progress Of all the emerging xDSL technologies, ADSL is receiving the most attention because there is a standard (DMT) for it, and its capabilities provide NSPs with a competitive offering to cable modems. But there is increasing interest in symmetrical xDSL offerings such as HDSL and SDSL. As a local access service, ADSL s implementation has no critical drawbacks. It can be deployed as an overlay network where there is subscriber demand, eliminating the need for NSPs to risk building out their infrastructure unnecessarily in the hope that the technology will catch on. ADSL development and deployment is focused primarily in North America, followed by northern Europe and the Pacific Rim. In North America, US West, GTE, Ameritech, SBC, BellSouth, and Edmonton Tel (Canada) are the service providers leading the current wave of ADSL/xDSL deployment. Covad, Northpoint, and a handful of other CLECs are entering high-density metropolitan areastypically offering a portfolio of xDSL offerings at different classes of service and price points, and competing with incumbent local exchange carriers. Chicago-based InterAccess was the first ISP to offer ADSL. Telia (Sweden), Telenor (Norway), British Telecom (UK), and Telfonica (Spain) are leading xDSL proponents in Europe. In the Pacific Rim, Telstra (Australia), Ho ng Kong Telecom, and Singtel (Singapore) are deploying xDSL for data and video applications. ADSL modems have been tested successfully by more than 40 telephone companies, and close to 50,000 lines have been installed in various technology trials and commercial deployments. Increasingly, alternative service providers such as enterprises, multi-tenant building owners, hospitality businesses (hotels and resorts), and office park developers are offering or considering offering ADSL to their users as private network operators. In early 90s xDSL technologies were tested by some of the regional Bell operating companies in the United States, as well as several European telephone companies. At that time, the driving applications behind xDSL were video on demand (VOD) and interactive TV (ITV). Those applications were seen as potentially explosive sources of revenue growth for the residential market. In 1995, interest shifted toward the online world and more specifically the World Wide Web. T he increasing demand for bandwidth with which to access the Web is one of the primary applications at which xDSL technologies are now targeted. However, xDSL technologies are also being looked at in conjunction with several other applications. These applications may produce a far greater revenue stream in near future compared to broadband Web access for residential market. Listed below are just a few examples of how xDSL technology can be utilized:Intranet access for organizations that are standardizing on a Web based, client server model is one of primary xDSL applications. An organization that has implemented an Intranet will require higher bandwidth afforded by xDSL in order to link their remote offices and telecommuters to the more demanding business oriented applications running on their private Web servers. xDSL technologies have the potential to prove far more effective in low cost, high throughput, LAN to LAN connectivity than ISDN or traditional leased lines. Since xDSL operates at the physical layer, it could emerge as the most cost effective method of carrying frame relay traffic from the service subscriver to the frame relay network. As with frame relay the xDSL technologies can also be used to carry ATM cells to an ATM access device, where they are statistically mulltiplexed over an ATM backbone. Digital Subscriber Line, or DSL, is fundamentally another name for an ISDN-BRI channel operating at the Basic Rate Interface with two 64 kbps switched channels and one 16 kbps packet switching and signaling channel. This circuit can carry both voice and data in both directions at the same time. xDSL refers to those various arrangements in which advanced modulating techniques are imposed onto the local channel in order to derive higher throughput in one or both directions. The various types of xDSL are described in the following paragraphs. High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL) derives its name from the high bandwidth that is transmitted in both directions over two copper loops. HDSL has proven to be a reliable and cost effective means for providing repeater-less T1 and E1 services over two twisted pair loops. This proven technology has already resulted in the deployment of over 300,000 HDSL equipped circuits throughout the local access infrastructure. HDSL transceivers can reliably transmit a 2.048 Mbps data signal over two non-loaded, 24 gauge (0.5mm), unconditioned twisted wire pair loops at a distance of up to 13 kft (4.2 km) without the need for repeaters. Eliminating the need for repeater equipment and removal of bridged taps significantly simplifies the labor and engineering effort to provision the service. This attribute eliminates the need to identify, modify, and verify a controlled environment, with power, secured access, and other factors needed to support repeater equipment. It also reduces the time, cost, and effort of isolating faults and taking corrective action when a failure does occur. Studies by some service providers have indicated that trouble shooting and replacing defective repeater equipment often costs significantly more than the cost of the equipment itself. These attributes translate into increased network up time and reduced engineering time; making possible T1 provisioning in a matter of days, as opposed to weeks. Faster service provisioning and greater up time leads to increased customer satisfaction and increased service revenues. To provision a 12 kft (3.6 km) local loop with traditional T1 transmission equipment requires two transceivers and two repeaters. To provision the same loop with HDSL, requires only two HDSL transceivers, one at each end of a line. .ub00818136e70754ac4394ed6e965ea56 , .ub00818136e70754ac4394ed6e965ea56 .postImageUrl , .ub00818136e70754ac4394ed6e965ea56 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub00818136e70754ac4394ed6e965ea56 , .ub00818136e70754ac4394ed6e965ea56:hover , .ub00818136e70754ac4394ed6e965ea56:visited , .ub00818136e70754ac4394ed6e965ea56:active { border:0!important; } .ub00818136e70754ac4394ed6e965ea56 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub00818136e70754ac4394ed6e965ea56 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub00818136e70754ac4394ed6e965ea56:active , .ub00818136e70754ac4394ed6e965ea56:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub00818136e70754ac4394ed6e965ea56 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub00818136e70754ac4394ed6e965ea56 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub00818136e70754ac4394ed6e965ea56 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub00818136e70754ac4394ed6e965ea56 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub00818136e70754ac4394ed6e965ea56:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub00818136e70754ac4394ed6e965ea56 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub00818136e70754ac4394ed6e965ea56 .ub00818136e70754ac4394ed6e965ea56-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub00818136e70754ac4394ed6e965ea56:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Civil Rights Movement EssaySingle-pair or Symmetric High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (S-HDSL/SDSL) operate on a single copper pair as opposed to the traditional two pair HDSL described above. S-HDSL/SDSL allows easy implementation of applications that require symmetric data rates on a single local loop while maintaining the existing POTS on the same loop. Because only one pair is needed in this arrangement, the capacity of the entire local loop infrastructure is greatly magnified. With this capability, local providers can extract the maximum value from their existing plant, or deploy new capacities both more quickly and at a lower capital expenditure. This allows for rapid and cost effective deployment of intermediate data rate services. Potential uses for this technology include fractional T1 with a particular advantage in 768 kbps systems, Home Office, LAN Access, Distance Learning, Internet Access, and Campus or Large Facility LAN to LAN connectivity. Since S-HDSL/SDSL can be implemented with and without POTS and at multiple data rates, it can have different capacity and reach limitations. This allows for easy, cost effective implementation of such services as remote cell site support of PCs, remote LAN access, distance education and training, digital imaging, or any other service which requires a larger amount of bandwidth. Probably the most common xDSL type is Asymmetric Digital Subscriber, which takes its name from the comparatively high bandwidth in one direction, with low bandwidth in the opposite direction. ADSL uses a single phone line for transmission. Many service providers have also come to recognize its potential to support a range of data applications. Additionally, ADSLs ability to operate at speeds of up to 6 Mbps positions it to support real time broadcast services and pre-recorded interactive video services; and to have multiple video and data activities underway simultaneously. ADSL supports applications with asymmetric traffic demands such as:Rate Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line (RADSL) is a simple extension of ADSL used to encompass and support a wide variety of data rates depending on the lines transmission characteristics. This is advantageous in situations in which there is a lower bandwidth demand and in situations in which the line quality is less than needed for full bandwidth implementations. Very High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) provides very high bandwidth asymmetrically (up to 52 Mbps in one direction and 2 Mbps in the other) to businesses and residences with broadband access requirements over a Fiber-To-The-Curb (FTTC) network. Within the FTTC architecture, VDSL will address the last section of copper cabling to the subscriber premises. Typical distance and implementation of VDSL is 1 km @ 26 Mbps. Unfortunately, this type of xDSL is not very common because of lack of FTTC networks available today. XDSL signals are designed to maximize the rate of transmission of digital signals through non loaded twisted pairs, making use of bandwidths that can be greater than 1MHz, much greater than the 3000Hz or so allocated for voice transmission. There are several types of xDSL signal in commercial use today. Each signal type is implemented in circuitry with accompanying software, called a transceiver. The transceiver design includes the encoding or modulation scheme along with decoding or demodulation applied to convert serial binary data streams into a form suitable for transmission through twisted wire pairs. The transceivers may also employ various signal processing, equalization, amplification, and shaping techniques to adapt transmission for physical attenuation and phase distortions experienced by signals transmitted through twisted wire pairs. The transceiver software and circuitry may also use coding techniques to detect and correct noise that is present on a twisted wire pair. A variety of signal processing techniques have been developed over the past10 years to increase the bit rate of digital transmission through telephone loop twisted pairs. The following sections will describe these technologies. The DSL acronym was first used as shorthand to refer to the line code designed to support basic rate integrated services digital network (ISDN) transmission through twisted wire pair loops. The ISDN basic rate signal is required to carry an information payload of 144kbps, consisting of two B channels of 64kbps each and one packet data or D channel of 16kbps added for framing, error detection, and other overhead functions. The ISDN line of U interface operates at a raw data rate of 160kbps. In the mid 1980s the T1 committee in the United States created a standard U interface using a four-level line code referred to as 2B1Q for two binary bits per symbol carried by a quaternary symbol design. 2B1Q line code was designed to support ISDN transmission through loops of 18000ft or less, meeting voltage pulses of +/- 875V and +/- 2.625V. The symbol rate is 80000 baud and the energy spectrum used by ISDN peaks at 40000Hz. The ISDN signal is transmitted in full duplex mode, bidirectionally on the same pair of wires. In order to accomplish this, transceivers must contain a hybrid function to separate the two directions of transmission. To help the receiver differentiate between far-end transmission and reflections of near-end transmission from irregularities in the twisted pair transmission line due to wire gauge changes and bridged taps, echo cancellation tecniquess are used. The range of operation of ISDN is dictated by both attenuation and self near-end crosstalk (NEXT) from adjacent 2B1Q ISDN signals. The 2B1Q line code is sometimes referred to as a baseband signal because it uses energy in frequencies down to zero, overlapping with the voice frequency band. In order to carry voice through a DSL, the voice signal is digitized using PCM techniques and carried in one of the B channels. In ISDN applications the D channel is reserverd for data packets that are primarily used for call processing. In carrying simultaneous voice and data the ISDN basic rate line carries a maximum of 64kbps of data. In the absence of voice, both B channels may be bonded together to increase the data capacity to 128kbps. Both ends of an ISDN connection must use the same bonding protocol. ISDN connections are made by dialed access though a local digital switch that also terminates voice lines. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) utilizes amplitude and phase modulation to transmit multiple bits per baud. Unmodulated signal exhibits only two possible states allowing us only to transmit a zero or a one. With QAM, it is possible to transmit many more bits per state as there are many more states. This scheme utilizes a signal that can be synthesized by summing amplitude modulated cosine and sine waves. These two components, being 90 deg out of phase, are called quadrature, hence the name Quadrature Amplitude Modulation . By combining amplitude and phase modulation of a carrier signal, we can increase the number of states and thereby transmit more bits per every state change. .u27e023a7743fadf385f488d3be07d06f , .u27e023a7743fadf385f488d3be07d06f .postImageUrl , .u27e023a7743fadf385f488d3be07d06f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u27e023a7743fadf385f488d3be07d06f , .u27e023a7743fadf385f488d3be07d06f:hover , .u27e023a7743fadf385f488d3be07d06f:visited , .u27e023a7743fadf385f488d3be07d06f:active { border:0!important; } .u27e023a7743fadf385f488d3be07d06f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u27e023a7743fadf385f488d3be07d06f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u27e023a7743fadf385f488d3be07d06f:active , .u27e023a7743fadf385f488d3be07d06f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u27e023a7743fadf385f488d3be07d06f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u27e023a7743fadf385f488d3be07d06f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u27e023a7743fadf385f488d3be07d06f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u27e023a7743fadf385f488d3be07d06f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u27e023a7743fadf385f488d3be07d06f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u27e023a7743fadf385f488d3be07d06f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u27e023a7743fadf385f488d3be07d06f .u27e023a7743fadf385f488d3be07d06f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u27e023a7743fadf385f488d3be07d06f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Portrait of a Beautiful Woman EssayCarrierless amplitude and phase (CAP) modulation technique is closely related to QAM in that amplitude and phase are used to represent the binary signal. The difference between CAP and QAM lies in the state representation of the constellation pattern. CAP does not use a carrier signal to represent the phase and amplitude changes. Rather, two waveforms are used to encode the bits. The encoder replaces a stream of digital data with a complex equation that symbolizes a point on the constellation diagram. Thus, for a 32-CAP, there would be 32 possible locations on the diagram, all of which can be represented as a vector consisting of real and imaginary coordinates. Consequently, 32-CAP would result in 32 distinct equations of the type, each one representing five bits of data. CAP modulation is very suitable for use with ADSL. The spectrum from 0 to 4 kHz, voice band, is designated for plain old telephone services (POTS). Downstream (ATU-C to ATU-R), the spectrum from 26 kHz to 1.1 MHz is further divided into 249 discrete channels. Upstream (ATU-R to ATU-C), the spectrum above the POTS band consists of 25 channels between 26 kHz and 138 kHz. Echo canceling between the downstream and upstream signals permits reuse of these sub-channels. With the exception of carriers used for timing, each carrier is capable of carrying data. However, only those carriers with sufficient signal to noise ratio (SNR) are allocated payload for transmission. Each transmitting carrier is allotted a bit count and transmit power, based on the characteristics of the sub-channel. This results in an optimized data transfer rate for the current line c onditions. DMT allocates bits and transmission power away from the induced noise. The advantages of this process are an optimized data rate and less interference with other services existing in the same sheath, due to the symmetrical nature of induced crosstalk. The DMT technique exhibits a high degree of spectral compatibility based on power spectral density, rather than absolute transmit power. DMT has a substantial advantage over single carrier modulation systems in the presence of impulse noise. DMT spreads impulses over a large number of bits, averaging peaks. Only if the average exceeds the margin does DMT produce an error single carrier systems will error every time a peak exceeds the margin. Discrete wavelet multitone (DWMT) technology increases the usable capacity of telephone wires and coaxial cable, allowing telephone companies and cable operators to deliver two-way broadband telecommunications services over their existing networks. DWMT uses Multicarrier Modulation. A multicarrier system uses a transmission band efficiently by dividing it into hundreds of subchannels that are totally independent and spectrally isolated. In practice, implementations of multicarrier systems use orthogonal digital transformations on blocks of data, a process called subchannelization, in an attempt to achieve the frequency partitioning shown in the figure below. By keeping the signal subchannel power contained in a narrow bandwidth, each subchannel occupies only a small fraction of the total transmission band and overlaps only with immediately adjacent subchannels. When a signal is transmitted over a long copper loop (e.g. several miles), the higher frequency components of the signal att enuate significantly more (tens of dB) than the lower frequency components. Narrowband interferers from AM or amateur radio signals also affect the transmission by destroying the signal in parts of the band. Multicarrier technology, called Discrete Wavelet Multitone (DWMT), provides subchannel isolation that is superior to DMT. DWMT uses an advanced digital wavelet transform instead of the Fourier transform used in DMT. The T1.413 standard for ADSL defines two categories of modems: frequency division multiplex (FDM) modems (Category I) and echo cancellation modems (Category II). FDM systems allocate separate frequency bands for upstream and downstream transmissions. Echo canceled systems send upstream and downstream signal over the same frequencies. Since the attenuation of a signal over a copper line increases with frequency, it is desirable to transmit data using a frequency band that is as low as possible. In an ADSL system, the lowest attenuated frequencies begin right after the POTS band. In FDM system, the lower frequency band is used for upstream transmission while the downstream transmissions are allocated to the higher attenuated frequencies. Some xDSL transceivers use echo cancellation (similar to the echo cancellation utilized in the standard V.34 28.8kbps duplex modem) to exploit the lower attenuated frequencies and increase its downstream performance. By utilizing the lower frequencies for both upstream and downstream performance, the transceiver can deliver higher downstream performance, particularly on the longer loops where the higher frequencies become severely attenuated. In an effort to promote interoperability among FDM and EC systems, the echo-canceled transceivers can be configured to operate in an FDM mode in order to communicate with a category I (FDM) modem. The twisted pair wire between the telephone central office and end users of telecommunication services has a great deal more information capacity than used for the regular voice services. Several baseband and passband transmission systems collectively referred to as xDSL, have been developed over the last ten years that enable up to several megabits per second of data to be carried over the regular telephone twisted pair line. The xDSL family of technologies provides a wide variety of line driving schemes to accomplish and satisfy different market needs over todays infrastructure. xDSL has application in both the corporate and residential environments as well as flexibility to meet the market challenges. Since xDSL operates at the physical layer of OSI seven layer standard, it can be used in conjunction with ATM and Frame Relay technology. The most promising of the xDSL technologies for integrated Internet access, intranet access, remote LAN access, video-on-demand, and lifeline POTS applications in the near term is ADSL or R-ADSL (a rate-adaptive version of ADSL). During the past year, ADSL has concluded trials by more than 40 network service providers throughout the world, primarily in North America and northern Europe. Service introduction began in 1997, but ADSL service is still being rolled out in many areas. In the meantime, xDSL technologies and standards will continue to evolve, as will user demand for these emerging services relative to other local access service alternatives. The ability to utilize the existing telephone copper wire infrastructure as well as interoperability with ATM and Frame Relay technology, position xDSL as the most promising of the broadband access technology options for both residential and business users1.Marlis Humphrey and John Freeman, How XDSL Supports Broadband Services to the Home, IEEE Network., vol. 11, no. 1, Jan-Feb 1997, p. 14-23. 2.George T. Hawley, Systems Considerations for the use of XDSL Technology for Data Acce ss, IEEE Communication, vol. 35, no. 3, Mar 1997, p. 56-60. 3.Bhumip Khasnabish, Broadband to the Home (BTTH): Architectures, Access Methods, and the Appetite for it, IEEE Communication, vol. 35, no. 3, Mar 1997, p. 58-69 4.ADSL Forum website , www.adsl.com 5.Analog Devices website, www.analog.com Bibliography:1.Marlis Humphrey and John Freeman, How XDSL Supports Broadband Services to the Home, IEEE Network., vol. 11, no. 1, Jan-Feb 1997, p. 14-23. 2.George T. Hawley, Systems Considerations for the use of XDSL Technology for Data Access, IEEE Communication, vol. 35, no. 3, Mar 1997, p. 56-60. 3.Bhumip Khasnabish, Broadband to the Home (BTTH): Architectures, Access Methods, and the Appetite for it, IEEE Communication, vol. 35, no. 3, Mar 1997, p. 58-69 4.ADSL Forum website , www.adsl.com 5.Analog Devices website, www.analog.com 6.Kimo website, www.kimo.com 7.Westell website, www.westell.com